Thursday, October 20, 2016

Ery Pads Pad


Pronunciation: eh-RITH-roe-MYE-sin
Generic Name: Erythromycin
Brand Name: Ery Pads and Emcin Clear


Ery Pads Pad is used for:

Treating severe acne. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.


Ery Pads Pad is a topical macrolide antibiotic that is thought to improve acne by slowing the growth of bacteria on the skin, which causes acne.


Do NOT use Ery Pads Pad if:


  • you are allergic to any ingredient in Ery Pads Pad

Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.



Before using Ery Pads Pad:


Some medical conditions may interact with Ery Pads Pad. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:


  • if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding

  • if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement

  • if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances

  • if you have liver disease or you have a blood disorder called porphyria

Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Ery Pads Pad. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:


  • Efavirenz or rifampin because they may decrease Ery Pads Pad's effectiveness

  • Arsenic, cimetidine,diltiazem,dofetilide,HIV protease inhibitors (eg, ritonavir), imidazoles (eg, ketoconazole), pimozide, QT-prolonging agents (eg, quinidine, sotalol), quinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin), streptogramins (eg, quinupristin/dalfopristin), or verapamil because side effects, such as heart toxicity or irregular heartbeat, may occur

  • Anticoagulants (eg, warfarin), aldosterone blockers (eg, spironolactone), alfentanil, arsenic, astemizole, benzodiazepines (eg, alprazolam), bromocriptine, buspirone, carbamazepine, cilostazol, cisapride, clozapine, corticosteroids (eg, hydrocortisone), cyclosporine, digitoxin, digoxin, disopyramide, ergot alkaloids (eg, ergotamine , felodipine, H1 antagonists (eg, diphenhydramine), HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (eg, simvastatin), imatinib, macrolide immunosuppressants (eg, tacrolimus), meglitinide antidiabetics (eg, repaglinide), midazolam, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (eg, sildenafil), pimozide, QT-prolonging agents (eg, quinidine, sotalol), quinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin, rifampin, serotonin reuptake inhibitors (eg, fluoxetine), sumatriptan theophyllines, tricyclic antidepressants (eg, amitriptyline), valproic acid, or vinca alkaloids (eg, vincristine) because the risk of their side effects may be increased by Ery Pads Pad

This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Ery Pads Pad may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.


How to use Ery Pads Pad:


Use Ery Pads Pad as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.


  • Before using Ery Pads Pad, wash the affected area with warm water and soap, rinse, and pat dry.

  • Using the pads, cover the affected and surrounding areas with a film of medicine. Allow the medicine to dry. Wash your hands immediately after you finish using Ery Pads Pad.

  • Ery Pads Pad works best if it is used at the same time each day.

  • To clear up your infection completely, take Ery Pads Pad for the full course of treatment. Keep taking it even if you feel better in a few days.

  • If you miss a dose of Ery Pads Pad, use it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Ery Pads Pad.



Important safety information:


  • Do not get Ery Pads Pad in your eyes or on the inside of your nose or mouth. If you get Ery Pads Pad in your eyes, immediately wash them out with cool tap water.

  • Once you begin using Ery Pads Pad, it may take 3 to 8 weeks before you begin to see improvement.

  • If severe diarrhea or stomach pain or cramping develops during treatment or within several months after treatment with Ery Pads Pad, check with your doctor or pharmacist right away. Do not treat it without first checking with your doctor.

  • Be sure to use Ery Pads Pad for the full course of treatment. If you do not, the medicine may not clear up your infection completely. The bacteria could also become less sensitive to this or other medicines. This could make the infection harder to treat in the future.

  • Long-term or repeated use of Ery Pads Pad may cause a second infection. Tell your doctor if signs of a second infection occur. Your medicine may need to be changed to treat this.

  • PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: If you become pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Ery Pads Pad while you are pregnant. Ery Pads Pad is found in breast milk. If you are or will be breast-feeding while you use Ery Pads Pad, check with your doctor. Discuss any possible risks to your baby.


Possible side effects of Ery Pads Pad:


All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:



Dryness; mild stinging or burning immediately after applying; peeling.



Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); bloody stools; diarrhea; eye irritation; itching, burning, tenderness, or redness of your skin; stomach cramps/pain.



This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.


See also: Erys side effects (in more detail)


If OVERDOSE is suspected:


Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Ery Pads Pad may be harmful if swallowed.


Proper storage of Ery Pads Pad:

Store Ery Pads Pad at room temperature, between 68 and 77 degrees F (20 and 25 degrees C), in a tightly-closed container. Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Keep Ery Pads Pad out of the reach of children and away from pets.


General information:


  • If you have any questions about Ery Pads Pad, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.

  • Ery Pads Pad is to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.

  • If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.

  • Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine.

This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Ery Pads Pad. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.



Issue Date: February 1, 2012

Database Edition 12.1.1.002

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

More Ery Pads resources


  • Ery Pads Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Ery Pads Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Ery Pads Support Group
  • 1 Review for Erys - Add your own review/rating


Compare Ery Pads with other medications


  • Acne
  • Perioral Dermatitis

Erythromycin Solution



Pronunciation: eh-RITH-roe-MYE-sin
Generic Name: Erythromycin
Brand Name: Eryderm


Erythromycin Solution is used for:

Treating severe acne. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.


Erythromycin Solution is a topical macrolide antibiotic that is thought to improve acne by slowing the growth of bacteria on the skin, which causes acne.


Do NOT use Erythromycin Solution if:


  • you are allergic to any ingredient in Erythromycin Solution

Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.



Before using Erythromycin Solution:


Some medical conditions may interact with Erythromycin Solution. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:


  • if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding

  • if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement

  • if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances

  • if you have liver disease or you have a blood disorder called porphyria

Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Erythromycin Solution. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:


  • Arsenic, cisapride, diltiazem, disopyramide, dofetilide, HIV protease inhibitors (eg, ritonavir), imidazoles (eg, ketoconazole), pimozide, QT-prolonging agents (eg, quinidine, sotalol), quinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin), streptogramins (eg, quinupristin/dalfopristin), or verapamil because side effects, such as heart toxicity or irregular heartbeat, may occur

  • Anticoagulants (eg, warfarin), aldosterone blockers (eg, spironolactone), benzodiazepines (eg, alprazolam), buspirone, carbamazepine, cilostazol, corticosteroids (eg, hydrocortisone), cyclosporine, digoxin, ergot alkaloids (eg, ergotamine), felodipine, H1 antagonists (eg, astemizole, terfenadine), HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (eg, simvastatin), imatinib, macrolide immunosuppressants (eg, tacrolimus), midazolam, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (eg, sildenafil), rifampin, sumatriptan, theophyllines, or vinca alkaloids (eg, vincristine) because the risk of their side effects may be increased by Erythromycin Solution

This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Erythromycin Solution may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.


How to use Erythromycin Solution:


Use Erythromycin Solution as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.


  • Wash affected areas with soap and warm water. Rinse well and pat dry before applying the medicine.

  • To use the applicator, hold the bottle upside down and moisten applicator by pressing once on the applicator surface with a clean fingertip. Then apply Erythromycin Solution to the affected area using a dabbing motion. Use enough medicine to cover the entire affected area.

  • Wash your hands immediately after applying Erythromycin Solution.

  • Erythromycin Solution works best if it is used at the same time each day.

  • To clear up your infection completely, take Erythromycin Solution for the full course of treatment. Keep taking it even if you feel better in a few days.

  • If you miss a dose of Erythromycin Solution, take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at once.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Erythromycin Solution.



Important safety information:


  • Erythromycin Solution is for external use only. Avoid contact with the eyes, nose, mouth, and other mucous membranes. If you get Erythromycin Solution in your eyes, immediately wash them out with cool tap water.

  • Talk with your doctor before you use any other medicines or cleansers on your skin.

  • Once you begin using Erythromycin Solution, it may take 3 to 8 weeks before you begin to see improvement.

  • If severe diarrhea or stomach pain or cramping develops during treatment or within several months after treatment with Erythromycin Solution, check with your doctor or pharmacist right away. Do not treat it without first checking with your doctor.

  • Be sure to use Erythromycin Solution for the full course of treatment. If you do not, the medicine may not clear up your infection completely. The bacteria could also become less sensitive to this or other medicines. This could make the infection harder to treat in the future.

  • Long-term or repeated use of Erythromycin Solution may cause a second infection. Tell your doctor if signs of a second infection occur. Your medicine may need to be changed to treat this.

  • Erythromycin Solution is flammable. Do not store or use near an open flame or while smoking.

  • Erythromycin Solution should be used with extreme caution in CHILDREN; safety and effectiveness in children have not been confirmed.

  • PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: If you become pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Erythromycin Solution while you are pregnant. Erythromycin Solution is found in breast milk. If you are or will be breast-feeding while you use Erythromycin Solution, check with your doctor. Discuss any possible risks to your baby.


Possible side effects of Erythromycin Solution:


All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:



Burning; dryness; mild stinging; peeling.



Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); bloody stools; itching, burning, tenderness, or redness of skin; severe diarrhea; stomach cramps/pain.



This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.



If OVERDOSE is suspected:


Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Erythromycin Solution may be harmful if swallowed.


Proper storage of Erythromycin Solution:

Store Erythromycin Solution at room temperature, between 59 and 86 degrees F (15 and 30 degrees C), in a tightly-closed container. Store away from heat and light. Keep Erythromycin Solution out of the reach of children and away from pets.


General information:


  • If you have any questions about Erythromycin Solution, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.

  • Erythromycin Solution is to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.

  • If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.

  • Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine.

This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Erythromycin Solution. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.



Issue Date: February 1, 2012

Database Edition 12.1.1.002

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

More Erythromycin resources


  • Erythromycin Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Erythromycin Support Group
  • 1 Review for Erythromycin - Add your own review/rating


Compare Erythromycin with other medications


  • Acne
  • Perioral Dermatitis

Estropipate




Estropipate TABLETS, USP

Revised SEPTEMBER 2002


21007270102


Rx only


(Three Patient Information Leaflets Enclosed - Tear at Perforation)




WARNINGS:


1. ESTROGENS HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO INCREASE THE RISK OF ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN.


Close clinical surveillance of all women taking estrogens is important. Adequate diagnostic measures, including endometrial sampling when indicated, should be undertaken to rule out malignancy in all cases of undiagnosed persistent or recurring abnormal vaginal bleeding. There is no evidence that "natural" estrogens are more or less hazardous than "synthetic" estrogens at equi-estrogenic doses.


2. ESTROGENS SHOULD NOT BE USE DURING PREGNANCY.


There is no indication for estrogen therapy during pregnancy or during the immediate postpartum period. Estrogens are ineffective for the prevention or treatment of threatened or habitual abortion. Estrogens are not indicated for the prevention of postpartum breast engorgement.


Estrogen therapy during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of congenital defects in the reproductive organs of the fetus, and possibly other birth defects. Studies of women who received diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy have shown that female offspring have an increased risk of vaginal adenosis, squamous cell dysplasia of the uterine cervix, and clear cell vaginal cancer later in life; male offspring have an increased risk of urogenital abnormalities and possibly testicular cancer later in life. The 1985 DES Task Force concluded that use of DES during pregnancy is associated with a subsequent increased risk of breast cancer in the mothers, although a causal relationship remains unproven and the observed level of excess risk is similar to that for a number of other breast cancer risk factors.



Description:

Estropipate, (formerly piperazine estrone sulfate), is a natural estrogenic substance prepared from purified crystalline estrone, solubilized as the sulfate and stabilized with piperazine. It is appreciably soluble in water and has almost no odor or taste - properties which are ideally suited for oral administration. The amount of piperazine in Estropipate Tablets is not sufficient to exert a pharmacological action. Its addition ensures solubility, stability, and uniform potency of the estrone sulfate. Chemically Estropipate is represented by estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one, 3-(sulfooxy)-, compound with piperazine (1:1). The structural formula may be represented as follows:


C18H22O5S.C4H10N2 Molecular Weight: 436.58



Estropipate Tablets are available for oral administration containing 0.75 mg, 1.5 mg or 3 mg Estropipate (calculated as sodium estrone sulfate 0.625 mg, 1.25 mg and 2.5 mg, respectively).


Inactive Ingredients: Colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, and pregelatinized starch. The 0.75 mg also contains D&C yellow no. 10 aluminum lake and FD&C yellow no. 6 aluminum lake. The 1.5 mg also contains FD&C yellow no. 6 aluminum lake. The 3 mg also contains FD&C blue no. 2 aluminum lake.



Clinical Pharmacology:


Estrogen drug products act by regulating the transcription of a limited number of genes. Estrogens diffuse through cell membranes, distribute themselves throughout the cell, and bind to and activate the nuclear estrogen receptor, a DNA-binding protein which is found in estrogen-responsive tissues. The activated estrogen receptor binds to specific DNA sequences, or hormone-response elements, which enhance the transcription of adjacent genes and in turn lead to the observed effects. Estrogen receptors have been identified in tissues of the reproductive tract, breast, pituitary, hypothalamus, liver, and bone of women.


Estrogens are important in the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. By a direct action, they cause growth and development of the uterus, Fallopian tubes, and vagina. With other hormones, such as pituitary hormones and progesterone, they cause enlargement of the breasts through promotion of ductal growth, stromal development, and the accretion of fat. Estrogens are intricately involved with other hormones, especially progesterone, in the processes of the ovulatory menstrual cycle and pregnancy, and affect the release of pituitary gonadotropins. They also contribute to the shaping of the skeleton, maintenance of tone and elasticity of urogenital structures, changes in the epiphyses of the long bones that allow for the pubertal growth spurt and its termination, and pigmentation of the nipples and genitals.


Estrogens occur naturally in several forms. The primary source of estrogen in normally cycling adult women is the ovarian follicle, which secretes 70 to 500 micrograms of estradiol daily, depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle. This is converted primarily to estrone, which circulates in roughly equal proportion to estradiol, and to small amounts of estriol. After menopause, most endogenous estrogen is produced by conversion of androstenedione, secreted by the adrenal cortex, to estrone by peripheral tissues. Thus, estrone—especially in its sulfate ester form—is the most abundant circulating estrogen in postmenopausal women. Although circulating estrogens exist in a dynamic equilibrium of metabolic interconversions, estradiol is the principal intracellular human estrogen and is substantially more potent than estrone or estriol at the receptor.


Estrogens used in therapy are well absorbed through the skin, mucous membranes, and gastrointestinal tract. When applied for a local action, absorption is usually sufficient to cause systemic effects. When conjugated with aryl and alkyl groups for parenteral administration, the rate of absorption of oily preparations is slowed with a prolonged duration of action, such that a single intramuscular injection of estradiol valerate or estradiol cypionate is absorbed over several weeks.


Administered estrogens and their esters are handled within the body essentially the same as the endogenous hormones. Metabolic conversion of estrogens occurs primarily in the liver (first pass effect), but also at local target tissue sites. Complex metabolic processes result in a dynamic equilibrium of circulating conjugated and unconjugated estrogenic forms which are continually interconverted, especially between estrone and estradiol and between esterified and non-esterified forms. Although naturally-occurring estrogens circulate in the blood largely bound to sex hormone-binding globulin and albumin, only unbound estrogens enter target tissue cells. A significant proportion of the circulating estrogen exists as sulfate conjugates, especially estrone sulfate, which serves as a circulating reservoir for the formation of more active estrogenic species. A certain proportion of the estrogen is excreted into the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. During this enterohepatic recirculation, estrogens are desulfated and resulfated and undergo degradation through conversion to less active estrogens (estriol and other estrogens), oxidation to nonestrogenic substances (catecholestrogens, which interact with catecholamine metabolism, especially in the central nervous system), and conjugation with glucuronic acids (which are then rapidly excreted in the urine).


When given orally, naturally-occurring estrogens and their esters are extensively metabolized (first pass effect) and circulate primarily as estrone sulfate, with smaller amounts of other conjugated and unconjugated estrogenic species. This results in limited oral potency. By contrast, synthetic estrogens, such as ethinyl estradiol and the nonsteroidal estrogens, are degraded very slowly in the liver and other tissues, which results in their high intrinsic potency. Estrogen drug products administered by non-oral routes are not subject to first-pass metabolism, but also undergo significant hepatic uptake, metabolism, and enterohepatic recycling.



Indications and Usage:


Estropipate tablets are indicated in the:


  1. Treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause. There is no adequate evidence that estrogens are effective for nervous symptoms or depression which might occur during menopause and they should not be used to treat these conditions.

  2. Treatment of vulval and vaginal atrophy.

  3. Treatment of hypoestrogenism due to hypogonadism, castration or primary ovarian failure.

  4. Prevention of osteoporosis.

Since estrogen administration is associated with risk, selection of patients should ideally be based on prospective identification of risk factors for developing osteoporosis. Unfortunately, there is no certain way to identify those women who will develop osteoporotic fractures. Most prospective studies of efficacy for this indication have been carried out in white menopausal women, without stratification by other risk factors, and tend to show a universally salutary effect on bone. Thus, patient selection must be individualized based on the balance of risks and benefits. A more favorable risk/benefit ratio exists in a hysterectomized woman because she has no risk of endometrial cancer (see Boxed WARNINGS).


Estrogen replacement therapy reduces bone resorption and retards or halts postmenopausal bone loss. Case-control studies have shown an approximately 60 percent reduction in hip and wrist fractures in women whose estrogen replacement was begun within a few years of menopause. Studies also suggest that estrogen reduces the rate of vertebral fractures. Even when started as late as 6 years after menopause, estrogen prevents further loss of bone mass for as long as the treatment is continued. The results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled two-year study have shown that treatment with one tablet of Estropipate 0.75 mg daily for 25 days (of a 31-day cycle per month) prevents vertebral bone mass loss in postmenopausal women. When estrogen therapy is discontinued, bone mass declines at a rate comparable to the immediate postmenopausal period. There is no evidence that estrogen replacement therapy restores bone mass to premenopausal levels.


At skeletal maturity there are sex and race differences in both the total amount of bone present and its density, in favor of men and blacks. Thus, women are at higher risk than men because they start with less bone mass and, for several years following natural or induced menopause, the rate of bone mass decline is accelerated. White and Asian women are at higher risk than black women.


Early menopause is one of the strongest predictors for the development of osteoporosis. In addition, other factors affecting the skeleton which are associated with osteoporosis include genetic factors (small build, family history), endocrine factors (nulliparity, thyrotoxicosis, hyperparathyroidism, Cushing’s syndrome, hyperprolactinemia, Type I diabetes), lifestyle (cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, sedentary exercise habits) and nutrition (below average body weight, dietary calcium intake).


The mainstays of prevention and management of osteoporosis are estrogen, an adequate lifetime calcium intake, and exercise. Postmenopausal women absorb dietary calcium less efficiently than premenopausal women and require an average of 1500 mg/day of elemental calcium to remain in neutral calcium balance. By comparison, premenopausal women require about 1000 mg/day and the average calcium intake in the USA is 400-600 mg/day. Therefore, when not contraindicated, calcium supplementation may be helpful.


Weight-bearing exercise and nutrition may be important adjuncts to the prevention and management of osteoporosis. Immobilization and prolonged bed rest produce rapid bone loss, while weight-bearing exercise has been shown both to reduce bone loss and to increase bone mass. The optimal type and amount of physical activity that would prevent osteoporosis have not been established, however in two studies an hour of walking and running exercises twice or three times weekly significantly increased lumbar spine bone mass.



Contraindications:


Estrogens should not be used in individuals with any of the following conditions:


  1. Known or suspected pregnancy (see Boxed WARNINGS). Estrogens may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman.

  2. Undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding.

  3. Known or suspected cancer of the breast except in appropriately selected patients being treated for metastatic disease.

  4. Known or suspected estrogen-dependent neoplasia.

  5. Active thrombophlebitis or thromboembolic disorders.


Warnings:



Induction of Malignant Neoplasms:


Endometrial Cancer:

The reported endometrial cancer risk among unopposed estrogen users is about 2 to 12 fold greater than in non-users, and appears dependent on duration of treatment and on estrogen dose. Most studies show no significant increased risk associated with use of estrogens for less than one year. The greatest risk appears associated with prolonged use—with increased risks of 15 to 24-fold for five to ten years or more. In three studies, persistence of risk was demonstrated for 8 to over 15 years after cessation of estrogen treatment. In one study a significant decrease in the incidence of endometrial cancer occurred six months after estrogen withdrawal. Concurrent progestin therapy may offset this risk but the overall health impact in postmenopausal women is not known (see PRECAUTIONS).


Breast Cancer:

While the majority of studies have not shown an increased risk of breast cancer in women who have ever used estrogen replacement therapy, some have reported a moderately increased risk (relative risks of 1.3 - 2.0) in those taking higher doses or those taking lower doses for prolonged periods of time, especially in excess of 10 years. Other studies have not shown this relationship.


Congenital Lesions with Malignant Potential:

Estrogen therapy during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of fetal congenital reproductive tract disorders, and possibly other birth defects. Studies of women who received DES during pregnancy have shown that female offspring have an increased risk of vaginal adenosis, squamous cell dysplasia of the uterine cervix, and clear cell vaginal cancer later in life; male offspring have an increased risk of urogenital abnormalities and possibly testicular cancer later in life. Although some of these changes are benign, others are precursors of malignancy.



Gallbladder Disease:


Two studies have reported a 2- to 4-fold increase in the risk of gallbladder disease requiring surgery in women receiving postmenopausal estrogens.



Cardiovascular Disease:


Large doses of estrogen (5 mg conjugated estrogens per day), comparable to those used to treat cancer of the prostate and breast, have been shown in a large prospective clinical trial in men to increase the risks of nonfatal myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and thrombophlebitis. These risks cannot necessarily be extrapolated from men to women. However, to avoid the theoretical cardiovascular risk to women caused by high estrogen doses, the dose for estrogen replacement therapy should not exceed the lowest effective dose.



Elevated blood pressure:


Occasional blood pressure increases during estrogen replacement therapy have been attributed to idiosyncratic reactions to estrogens. More often, blood pressure has remained the same or has dropped. One study showed that postmenopausal estrogen users have higher blood pressure than nonusers. Two other studies showed slightly lower blood pressure among estrogen users compared to nonusers. Postmenopausal estrogen use does not increase the risk of stroke. Nonetheless, blood pressure should be monitored at regular intervals with estrogen use.



Hypercalcemia:


Administration of estrogens may lead to severe hypercalcemia in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases. If this occurs, the drug should be stopped and appropriate measures taken to reduce the serum calcium level.



Precautions:



General:


Addition of a Progestin:

Studies of the addition of a progestin for ten or more days of a cycle of estrogen administration have reported a lowered incidence of endometrial hyperplasia than would be induced by estrogen treatment alone. Morphological and biochemical studies of endometria suggest that 10 to 14 days of progestin are needed to provide maximal maturation of the endometrium and to reduce the likelihood of hyperplastic changes.


There are, however, possible risks which may be associated with the use of progestins in estrogen replacement regimens. These include: (1) adverse effects on lipoprotein metabolism (lowering HDL and raising LDL) which could diminish the purported cardioprotective effect of estrogen therapy (see PRECAUTIONS below); (2) impairment of glucose tolerance; and (3) possible enhancement of mitotic activity in breast epithelial tissue, although few epidemiological data are available to address this point (see PRECAUTIONS below).


The choice of progestin, its dose, and its regimen may be important in minimizing these adverse effects, but these issues remain to be clarified.


Cardiovascular Risk:

A causal relationship between estrogen replacement therapy and reduction of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women has not been proven. Furthermore, the effect of added progestins on this putative benefit is not yet known.


In recent years many published studies have suggested that there may be a cause-effect relationship between postmenopausal oral estrogen replacement therapy without added progestins and a decrease in cardiovascular disease in women. Although most of the observational studies which assessed this statistical association have reported a 20% to 50% reduction in coronary heart disease risk and associated mortality in estrogen takers, the following should be considered when interpreting these reports:


(1) Because only one of these studies was randomized and it was too small to yield statistically significant results, all relevant studies were subject to selection bias. Thus, the apparently reduced risk of coronary artery disease cannot be attributed with certainty to estrogen replacement therapy. It may instead have been caused by life-style and medical characteristics of the women studied with the result that healthier women were selected for estrogen therapy. In general, treated women were of higher socioeconomic and educational status, more slender, more physically active, more likely to have undergone surgical menopause, and less likely to have diabetes than the untreated women. Although some studies attempted to control for these selection factors, it is common for properly designed randomized trials to fail to confirm benefits suggested by less rigorous study designs. Thus, ongoing and future large-scale randomized trials may fail to confirm this apparent benefit.


(2) Current medical practice often includes the use of concomitant progestin therapy in women with intact uteri (see PRECAUTIONS and WARNINGS). While the effects of added progestins on the risk of ischemic heart disease are not known, all available progestins reverse at least some of the favorable effects of estrogens on HDL and LDL levels.


(3) While the effects of added progestins on the risk of breast cancer are also unknown, available epidemiological evidence suggests that progestins do not reduce, and may enhance, the moderately increased breast cancer incidence that has been reported with prolonged estrogen replacement therapy (see WARNINGS above).


Because relatively long-term use of estrogens by a woman with a uterus has been shown to induce endometrial cancer, physicians often recommend that women who are deemed candidates for hormone replacement should take progestins as well as estrogens. When considering prescribing concomitant estrogens and progestins for hormone replacement therapy, physicians and patients are advised to carefully weigh the potential benefits and risks of the added progestin. Large-scale randomized, placebo-controlled, prospective clinical trials are required to clarify these issues.


Physical Examination:

A complete medical and family history should be taken prior to the initiation of any estrogen therapy. The pretreatment and periodic physical examinations should include special reference to blood pressure, breasts, abdomen, and pelvic organs, and should include a Papanicolaou smear. As a general rule, estrogen should not be prescribed for longer than one year without reexamining the patient.


Hypercoagulability:

Some studies have shown that women taking estrogen replacement therapy have hypercoagulability, primarily related to decreased antithrombin activity. This effect appears dose- and duration-dependent and is less pronounced than that associated with oral contraceptive use. Also, postmenopausal women tend to have increased coagulation parameters at baseline compared to premenopausal women. There is some suggestion that low dose postmenopausal mestranol may increase the risk of thromboembolism, although the majority of studies (of primarily conjugated estrogens users) report no such increase. There is insufficient information on hypercoagulability in women who have had previous thromboembolic disease.


Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia:

Estrogen therapy may be associated with massive elevations of plasma triglycerides leading to pancreatitis and other complications in patients with familial defects of lipoprotein metabolism.


Fluid Retention:

Because estrogens may cause some degree of fluid retention, conditions which might be exacerbated by this factor, such as asthma, epilepsy, migraine, and cardiac or renal dysfunction, require careful observation.


Uterine Bleeding and Mastodynia:

Certain patients may develop undesirable manifestations of estrogenic stimulation, such as abnormal uterine bleeding and mastodynia.


Impaired Liver Function:

Estrogens may be poorly metabolized in patients with impaired liver function and should be administered with caution.



Information for the patient:


See text of Patient Package Leaflet below.



Laboratory Tests:


Estrogen administration should generally be guided by clinical response at the smallest dose, rather than laboratory monitoring, for relief of symptoms for those indications in which symptoms are observable. For prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, however, see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION section.



Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions:


Accelerated prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and platelet aggregation time; increased platelet count; increased factors II, VII antigen, VIII antigen, VIII coagulant activity, IX, X, XII, VII-X complex, II-VII-X complex, and beta-thromboglobulin; decreased levels of anti-factor Xa and antithrombin III, decreased antithrombin III activity; increased levels of fibrinogen and fibrinogen activity; increased plasminogen antigen and activity.


Increased thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) leading to increased circulating total thyroid hormone, as measured by protein-bound iodine (PBI), T4 levels (by column or by radioimmunoassay) or T3 levels by radioimmunoassay. T3 resin uptake is decreased, reflecting the elevated TBG. Free T4 and free T3 concentrations are unaltered.


Other binding proteins may be elevated in serum, i.e., corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), leading to increased circulating corticosteroids and sex steroids respectively. Free or biologically active hormone concentrations are unchanged. Other plasma proteins may be increased (angiotensinogen/renin substrate, alpha-1-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin).


Increased plasma HDL and HDL-2 subfraction concentrations, reduced LDL cholesterol concentration, increased triglycerides levels.


Impaired glucose tolerance.


Reduced response to metyrapone test.


Reduced serum folate concentration.



Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility:


Long term continuous administration of natural and synthetic estrogens in certain animal species increases the frequency of carcinomas of the breast, uterus, cervix, vagina, testis, and liver. See CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS.



Pregnancy:


Teratogenic Effects:

Pregnancy Category X: Estrogens should not be used during pregnancy. See CONTRAINDICATIONS and Boxed WARNINGS.



Nursing Mothers:


As a general principle, the administration of any drug to nursing mothers should be done only when clearly necessary since many drugs are excreted in human milk. In addition, estrogen administration to nursing mothers has been shown to decrease the quantity and quality of the milk.



Adverse Reactions:


The following additional adverse reactions have been reported with estrogen therapy: (see WARNINGS regarding induction of neoplasia, adverse effects on the fetus, increased incidence of gallbladder disease, cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure, and hypercalcemia.)



Genitourinary System:


Changes in vaginal bleeding pattern and abnormal withdrawal bleeding or flow; breakthrough bleeding, spotting.


Increase in size of uterine leiomyomata.


Vaginal candidiasis.


Change in amount of cervical secretion.



Breasts:


Tenderness, enlargement.



Gastrointestinal:


Nausea, vomiting.


Abdominal cramps, bloating.


Cholestatic jaundice.


Increased incidence of gallbladder disease.



Skin:


Chloasma or melasma that may persist when drug is discontinued.


Erythema multiforme.


Erythema nodosum.


Hemorrhagic eruption.


Loss of scalp hair.


Hirsutism.



Eyes:


Steepening of corneal curvature.


Intolerance to contact lenses.



Central Nervous System:


Headache, migraine, dizziness.


Mental depression.


Chorea.



Miscellaneous:


Increase or decrease in weight.


Reduced carbohydrate tolerance.


Aggravation of porphyria.


Edema.


Changes in libido.



Overdosage:


Serious ill effects have not been reported following acute ingestion of large doses of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives by young children. Overdosage of estrogen may cause nausea and vomiting, and withdrawal bleeding may occur in females.



Dosage and Administration:


  1. For treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms, vulval and vaginal atrophy associated with the menopause, the lowest dose and regimen that will control symptoms should be chosen and medication should be discontinued as promptly as possible.

    Attempts to discontinue or taper medication should be made at 3 to 6 month intervals.

    Usual dosage ranges:

    Vasomotor symptoms: Estropipate tablets 0.75 mg to 6 mg per day. The lowest dose that will control symptoms should be chosen. If the patient has not menstruated within the last two months or more, cyclic administration is started arbitrarily. If the patient is menstruating, cyclic administration is started on day 5 of bleeding.

    Vulval and vaginal atrophy: Estropipate tablets 0.75 mg to 6 mg daily, depending upon the tissue response of the individual patient. The lowest dose that will control symptoms should be chosen. Administer cyclically.

  2. For treatment of female hypoestrogenism due to hypogonadism, castration, or primary ovarian failure.

    Usual dosage ranges:

    Female hypogonadism: A daily dose of 1.5 mg to 9 mg of Estropipate tablets may be given for the first three weeks of a theoretical cycle, followed by a rest period of eight to ten days. The lowest dose that will control symptoms should be chosen. If bleeding does not occur by the end of this period, the same dosage schedule is repeated. The number of courses of estrogen therapy necessary to produce bleeding may vary depending on the responsiveness of the endometrium. If satisfactory withdrawal bleeding does not occur, an oral progestogen may be given in addition to estrogen during the third week of the cycle.

    Female castration or primary ovarian failure: A daily dose of 1.5 mg to 9 mg of Estropipate tablets may be given for the first three weeks of a theoretical cycle, followed by a rest period of eight to ten days. Adjust dosage upward or downward according to severity of symptoms and response of the patient. For maintenance, adjust dosage to lowest level that will provide effective control.

    Treated patients with an intact uterus should be monitored closely for signs of endometrial cancer and appropriate diagnostic measures should be taken to rule out malignancy in the event of persistent or recurring abnormal vaginal bleeding.

  3. For prevention of osteoporosis. A daily dose of 0.75 mg of Estropipate tablets for 25 days of a 31-day cycle per month.


How Supplied:


Estropipate Tablets, USP are available as:


0.75 mg: (calculated as sodium estrone sulfate 0.625 mg)


Yellow, round, flat-faced, beveled-edge, scored tablet. Debossed with stylized Barr on one side and 555/727 on the scored side. Available in bottles of:


21 NDC 0555-0727-38


100 NDC 0555-0727-02


500 NDC 0555-0727-04


1000 NDC 0555-0727-05


1.5 mg: (calculated as sodium estrone sulfate 1.25 mg)


Peach, round, flat-faced, beveled-edge, scored tablet. Debossed with stylized Barr on one side and 555/728 on the scored side. Available in bottles of:


21 NDC 0555-0728-38


100 NDC 0555-0728-02


500 NDC 0555-0728-04


1000 NDC 0555-0728-05


3 mg:(calculated as sodium estrone sulfate 2.5 mg)


Blue, round, flat-faced, beveled-edge, scored tablet. Debossed with stylized Barr on one side and 555/729 on the scored side. Available in bottles of:


21 NDC 0555-0729-38


100 NDC 0555-0729-02


500 NDC 0555-0729-04


1000 NDC 0555-0729-05


Dispense with a child-resistant closure in a tight, light-resistant container.


Store at controlled room temperature 15°-30°C (59°-86°F) [See USP].



INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS


Estropipate TABLETS, USP


INTRODUCTION:


This leaflet describes when and how to use estrogens, and the risks and benefits of estrogen treatment.


Estrogens have important benefits but also some risks. You must decide, with your doctor, whether the risks to you of estrogen use are acceptable because of their benefits. If you use estrogens, check with your doctor to be sure you are using the lowest possible dose that works, and that you don't use them longer than necessary. How long you need to use estrogens will depend on the reason for use.




WARNINGS:


ESTROGENS INCREASE THE RISK OF CANCER OF THE UTERUS IN WOMEN WHO HAVE HAD THEIR MENOPAUSE ("CHANGE OF LIFE").


If you use any estrogen-containing drug, it is important to visit your doctor regularly and report any unusual vaginal bleeding right away. Vaginal bleeding after menopause may be a warning sign of uterine cancer. Your doctor should evaluate any unusual vaginal bleeding to find out the cause.


ESTROGENS SHOULD NOT BE USED DURING PREGNANCY.


Estrogens do not prevent miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) and are not needed in the days following childbirth. If you take estrogens during pregnancy, your unborn child has a greater than usual chance of having birth defects. The risk of developing these defects is small, but clearly larger than the risk in children whose mothers did not take estrogens during pregnancy. These birth defects may affect the baby's urinary system and sex organs. Daughters born to mothers who took DES (an estrogen drug) have a higher than usual chance of developing cancer of the vagina or cervix when they become teenagers or young adults. Sons may have a higher than usual chance of developing cancer of the testicles when they become teenagers or young adults.




USES OF ESTROGEN:


(Not every estrogen drug is approved for every use listed in this section. If you want to know which of these possible uses are approved for the medicine prescribed for you, ask your doctor or pharmacist to show you the professional labeling. You can also look up the specific estrogen product in a book called the “Physicians’ Desk Reference”, which is available in many book stores and public libraries. Generic drugs carry virtually the same labeling information as their brand name versions.)


  • To reduce moderate or severe menopausal symptoms. Estrogens are hormones made by the ovaries of normal women. Between the ages 45 and 55, the ovaries normally stop making estrogens. This leads to a drop in body estrogen levels which causes the "change of life" or menopause (the end of monthly menstrual periods). If both ovaries are removed during an operation before natural menopause takes place, the sudden drop in estrogen levels causes "surgical menopause".

    When the estrogen levels begin dropping, some women develop very uncomfortable symptoms, such as feelings of warmth in the face, neck, and chest, or sudden intense episodes of heat and sweating ("hot flashes" or "hot flushes"). Using estrogen drugs can help the body adjust to lower estrogen levels and reduce these symptoms. Most women have only mild menopausal symptoms or none at all and do not need to use estrogen drugs for these symptoms. Others may need to take estrogens for a few months while their bodies adjust to lower estrogen levels. The majority of women do not need estrogen replacement for longer than six months for these symptoms.

  • To treat vulval and vaginal atrophy (itching, burning, dryness in or around the vagina, difficulty or burning on urination) associated with menopause.

  • To treat certain conditions in which a young woman's ovaries do not produce enough estrogen naturally.

  • To treat certain types of abnormal vaginal bleeding due to hormonal imbalance when your doctor has found no serious cause of the bleeding.

  • To treat certain cancers in special situations, in men and women.

  • To prevent thinning of bones.

    Osteoporosis is a thinning of the bones that makes them weaker and allows them to break more easily. The bones of the spine, wrists and hips break most often in osteoporosis. Both men and women start to lose bone mass after about age 40, but women lose bone mass faster after the menopause. Using estrogens after the menopause slows down bone thinning and may prevent bones from breaking. Lifelong adequate calcium intake, either in the diet (such as dairy products) or by calcium supplements (to reach a total daily intake of 1000 milligrams per day before menopause or 1500 milligrams per day after menopause), may help to prevent osteoporosis. Regular weight-bearing exercise (like walking and running for an hour, two or three times a week) may also help to prevent osteoporosis. Before you change your calcium intake or exercise habits, it is important to discuss these lifestyle changes with your doctor to find out if they are safe for you.

    Since estrogen use has some risks, only women who are likely to develop osteoporosis should use estrogens for prevention. Women who are likely to develop osteoporosis often have the following characteristics: white or Asian race, slim, cigarette smokers, and a family history of osteoporosis in a mother, sister, or aunt. Women who have relatively early menopause, often because their ovaries were removed during an operation (“surgical menopause”), are more likely to develop osteoporosis than women whose menopause happens at the average age.

WHO SHOULD NOT USE ESTROGENS:


Estrogens should not be used:


  • During pregnancy (see boxed WARNINGS).

    If you think you may be pregnant, do not use any form of estrogen-containing drug. Using estrogens while you are pregnant may cause your unborn child to have birth defects. Estrogens do not prevent miscarriage.

  • If you have unusual vaginal bleeding which has not been evaluated by your doctor (see boxed WARNINGS).

    Unusual vaginal bleeding can be a warning sign of cancer of the uterus, especially if it happens after menopause. Your doctor must find out the cause of the bleeding so that he or she can recommend the proper treatment. Taking estrogens without visiting your doctor can cause you serious harm if your vaginal bleeding is caused by cancer of the uterus.

  • If you have had cancer.

    Since estrogens increase the risk of certain types of cancer, you should not use estrogens if you have ever had cancer of the breast or uterus, unless your doctor recommends that the drug may help in the cancer treatment. (For certain patients with breast or prostate cancer, estrogens may help.)

  • If you have any circulation problems.

    Estrogen drugs should not be used except in unusually special situations in which your doctor judges that you need estrogen therapy so much that the risks are acceptable. Men and women with abnormal blood clotting conditions should avoid estrogen use (see DANGERS OF ESTROGENS, below).

  • When they do not work.

    During menopause, some women develop nervous symptoms or depression. Estrogens do not relieve these symptoms. You may have heard that taking estrogens for years after menopause will keep your skin soft and supple and keep you feeling young. There is no evidence for these claims and such long-term estrogen use may have serious risks.

  • After childbirth or when breastfeeding a baby:

    Estrogens should not be used to try to stop the breasts from filling with milk after a baby is born. Such treatment may increase the risk of developing blood clots (see DANGERS OF ESTROGENS, below).

    If you are breastfeeding, you should avoid using any drugs because many drugs pass through to the baby in the milk. While nursing a baby, you should take drugs only on the advice of your health care provider.

DANGERS OF ESTROGENS:


  • Cancer of the uterus.

    Your risk of developing cancer of the uterus gets higher the longer you use estrogens and the larger doses you use. One study showed that after women stop taking estrogens, this higher cancer risk quickly returns to the usual level of risk (as if you had never used estrogen therapy). Three other studies showed that the cancer risk stayed high for 8 to more than 15 years after stopping estrogen treatment. Because of this risk, IT IS IMPORTANT TO TAKE THE LOWEST DOSE THAT WORKS AND TO TAKE IT ONLY AS LONG AS YOU NEED IT.

    Using progestin therapy together with estrogen therapy may reduce the higher risk of uterine cancer related to estrogen use (but see OTHER INFORMATION below).

    If you have had your uterus removed (total hysterectomy), there is no danger of developing cancer of the uterus.

  • Cancer of the breast.

    Most studies have not shown a higher risk of breast cancer in women who have ever used estrogens. However, some studies have reported that breast cancer developed more often (up to twice the usual rate) in women who used estrogens for long periods of time (especially more than 10 years), or who used higher doses for shorter time periods.

    Regular breast examinations by a health professional and monthly self-examination are recommended for all women.

  • Gallbladder disease.

    Women who use estrogens after menopause are more likely to develop gallbladder disease needing surgery than women who do not use estrogens.

  • Abnormal blood clotting.

    Taking estrogens may cause changes in your blood clotting system. These changes allow the blood to clot more easily, possibly allowing clots to form in your bloodstream. If blood clots do form in your bloodstream, they can cut off the blood supply to vital organs, causing serious problems. These problems may include a stroke (by cutting off blood to the brain), a heart attack (by cutting off blood to the heart), a pulmonary embolus (by cutting off blood to the lungs), or other problems. Any of these conditions may cause death or serious long term disability. However, most studies of low dose estrogen usage by women do not show an increased risk of these complications.

SIDE EFFECTS:


In addition to the risks listed above, the following side effects have been reported with estrogen use:


Nausea and vomiting.


Breast tenderness or enlargement.


Enlargement of benign tumors ("fibroids") of the uterus.


Retention of excess fluid. This may make some conditions worsen, such as asthma, epilepsy, migraine, heart disease, or kidney disease.


A spotty darkening of the skin, particularly on the face.


REDUCING RISK OF ESTROGEN USE:


If you use estrogens, you can reduce your risks by doing these things:


  • See your doctor regularly. While you are using estrogens, it is important to visit your doctor at least once a year for a check-up. If you develop vaginal bleeding while taking estrogens, you may need further evaluation. If members of your family have had breast cancer or if you have ever had breast lumps or an abnormal mammogram (breast x-ray), you may need to have more frequent breast examinations.

  • Reassess your need for estrogens. You and your doctor should reevaluate whether or not you still need estrogens at least every six months.

  • Be alert for signs of trouble. If any of these warning signals (or any other unusual symptoms) happen while you are using estrogens, call your doctor immediately:

    Abnormal bleeding from the vagina (possible uterine cancer)

    Pains in the calves or chest, sudden shortness of breath or coughing blood (possible clot in the legs, heart, or lungs)

    Severe headache or vomiting, dizziness, faintness, changes in vision or speech, weakness or numbness of an arm or leg (possible clot in the brain or eye)

    Breast lumps (possible breast cancer; ask your doctor or health professional to show you how to examine your breasts monthly)

    Yellowing of the skin or eyes (possible liver problem)

    Pain, swelling, or tenderness in the abdomen (possible gallbladder problem)

OTHER INFORMATION:


Estrogens increase the risk of developing a condition (endometrial hyperplasia) that may lead to cancer of the lining of the uterus. Taking progestins, another hormone drug, with estrogens lowers the risk of developing this condition. Therefore, if your uterus has not been removed, your doctor may prescribe a progestin for you to take together with the estrogen.


You should know, however, that taking estrogens with progestins may have additional risks. These include:


  • unhealthy effects on blood fats (especially the lowering of HDL blood cholesterol, the “good” blood fat which protects against heart disease);

  • unhealthy effects on blood sugar (which might make a diabetic condition worse); and

  • a possible further increase in breast cancer risk which may be associated with long-term estrogen use.

Some research has shown that taking estrogens without progestins may protect women against developing heart disease. However, this is not certain. The protection shown may have been caused by the characteristics of the estrogen-treated women, and not by the estrogen treatment itself. In general, treated women were slimmer, more physically active, and were less likely to have diabetes than the untreated women. These characteristics are known to protect against heart disease.


You are cautioned to discuss very carefully with your doctor or health care provider all the possible risks and benefits of long-term estrogen and progestin treatment as they affect you personally.


Your doctor has prescribed this drug for you and you alone. Do not give the drug to anyone else.


If you will be taking calcium supplements as part of the treatment to help prevent osteoporosis, check with your doctor about how much to take.


Keep this and all drugs out of the reach of children. In case of overdose, call your doctor, hospital or poison control center immediately.


This leaflet provides a summary of the most important information about estrogens. If you want more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist to show you the professional labeling. The professional labeling is also published in a book called the "Physicians' Desk Reference," which is available in book stores and public libraries. Generic drugs carry virtually the same labeling information as their brand name versions.


HOW SUPPLIED:


Estropipate Tablets, USP are available as:


0.75 mg: (calculated as sodium estrone sulfate 0.625 mg)


Yellow, round, flat-faced, beveled-edge, scored tablet. Debossed with stylized Barr on one side and 555/727 on the scored side. Available in bottles of:


21 NDC 0555-0727-38


100 NDC 0555-0727-02


500 NDC 0555-0727-04


1000 NDC 0555-0727-05


1.5 mg: (calculated as sodium estrone sulfat

Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules



Pronunciation: e-RITH-roe-MYE-sin
Generic Name: Erythromycin
Brand Name: Eryc


Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules are used for:

Treating infections caused by certain bacteria. It is also used to prevent attacks of rheumatic fever in certain patients. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.


Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules are a macrolide antibiotic. It works by killing or slowing the growth of sensitive bacteria.


Do NOT use Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules if:


  • you are allergic to any ingredient in Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules

  • you are taking astemizole, cisapride, diltiazem, dofetilide, dronedarone, eletriptan, an ergot alkaloid (eg, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine), halofantrine, an HIV protease inhibitor (eg, ritonavir), imidazoles (eg, ketoconazole), nilotinib, pimozide, propafenone, a streptogramin (eg, quinupristin/dalfopristin), terfenadine, tetrabenazine, tolvaptan, toremifene, vandetanib, or verapamil

Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.



Before using Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules:


Some medical conditions may interact with Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:


  • if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding

  • if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement

  • if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances

  • if you have diarrhea

  • if you have a history of kidney or liver disease, heart problems, a fast or irregular heartbeat, myasthenia gravis, or the blood disorder porphyria

  • if you take any medicine that may increase the risk of a certain type of irregular heartbeat (prolonged QT interval). Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you are unsure if any of your medicines may increase the risk of this type of irregular heartbeat

Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:


  • Astemizole, cisapride, diltiazem, dofetilide, dronedarone, halofantrine, an HIV protease inhibitor (eg, ritonavir), imidazoles (eg, ketoconazole), nilotinib, pimozide, propafenone, a streptogramin (eg, quinupristin/dalfopristin), terfenadine, tetrabenazine, toremifene, vandetanib, or verapamil because side effects, such as heart toxicity or irregular heartbeat, may occur. Check with your doctor if you have questions about which medicines may affect your heartbeat

  • Eletriptan, ergot alkaloids (eg, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine), or tolvaptan because the risk of their side effects may be increased by Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules

  • Many prescription and nonprescription medicines (eg, used for aches and pains, allergies, blood thinning, breathing problems, cancer, diabetes, erection problems, gout, irregular heartbeat or other heart problems, high blood calcium levels, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, HIV infection, inflammation, infections, low blood sodium levels, migraine, mood or mental problems, nausea and vomiting, overactive bladder, Parkinson disease, prevention of organ transplant rejection, seizures, stomach problems, trouble sleeping), multivitamin products, and herbal or dietary supplements (eg, herbal teas, coenzyme Q10, garlic, ginseng, ginkgo, St. John's wort) may also interact with Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you are unsure if any of your medicines might interfere with Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules

This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.


How to use Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules:


Use Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.


  • Take Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules by mouth with or without food. If stomach upset occurs, take with food to reduce stomach irritation.

  • Swallow Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules whole. Do not break, crush, or chew before swallowing.

  • Do not eat grapefruit or drink grapefruit juice while you use Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules.

  • Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules works best if it is taken at the same time(s) each day.

  • To clear up your infection completely, take Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules for the full course of treatment. Keep taking it even if you feel better in a few days.

  • If you miss a dose of Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules, take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at once.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules.



Important safety information:


  • Mild diarrhea is common with antibiotic use. However, a more serious form of diarrhea (pseudomembranous colitis) may rarely occur. This may develop while you use the antibiotic or within several months after you stop using it. Contact your doctor right away if stomach pain or cramps, severe diarrhea, or bloody stools occur. Do not treat diarrhea without first checking with your doctor.

  • Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules only works against bacteria; it does not treat viral infections (eg, the common cold).

  • Be sure to use Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules for the full course of treatment. If you do not, the medicine may not clear up your infection completely. The bacteria could also become less sensitive to this or other medicines. This could make the infection harder to treat in the future.

  • Long-term or repeated use of Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules may cause a second infection. Tell your doctor if signs of a second infection occur. Your medicine may need to be changed to treat this.

  • Tell your doctor or dentist that you take Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules before you receive any medical or dental care, emergency care, or surgery.

  • Rarely, patients taking Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules have developed reversible hearing loss. The risk is greater if you have kidney problems or you take high doses of Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules. Contact your doctor if you develop decreased hearing or hearing loss.

  • Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules may interfere with certain lab tests. Be sure your doctor and lab personnel know you are taking Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules.

  • Lab tests, including liver function, kidney function, and complete blood cell counts, may be performed while you use Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules. These tests may be used to monitor your condition or check for side effects. Be sure to keep all doctor and lab appointments.

  • Use Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules with caution in the ELDERLY; they may be more sensitive to its effects, especially irregular heartbeat (prolonged QT interval).

  • PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: If you become pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules while you are pregnant. Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules are found in breast milk. If you are or will be breast-feeding while you use Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules, check with your doctor. Discuss any possible risks to your baby.


Possible side effects of Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules:


All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:



Loss of appetite; mild diarrhea; nausea; stomach pain; vomiting.



Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); bloody stools; changes in the amount of urine produced; decreased hearing or hearing loss; irregular heartbeat; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin; seizures; severe diarrhea; severe stomach pain; stomach cramps; symptoms of liver problems (eg, yellowing of the skin or eyes; pale stools; severe or persistent nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite; dark urine).



This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.



If OVERDOSE is suspected:


Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center (http://www.aapcc.org ), or emergency room immediately.


Proper storage of Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules:

Store Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules at room temperature, between 59 and 86 degrees F (15 and 30 degrees C). Keep tightly closed. Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules out of the reach of children and away from pets.


General information:


  • If you have any questions about Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.

  • Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules are to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.

  • If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.

  • Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine.

This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Erythromycin Delayed-Release Particles Capsules. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.



Issue Date: February 1, 2012

Database Edition 12.1.1.002

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

More Erythromycin resources


  • Erythromycin Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Drug Images
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Equimectrin





Dosage Form: FOR ANIMAL USE ONLY
Equimectrin®

(ivermectin)

Paste 1.87%

INDICATIONS


Consult your veterinarian for assistance in the diagnosis, treatment, and control of parasitism. Equimectrin® (ivermectin) Paste provides effective treatment and control of the following parasites in horses.


Large Strongyles (adults) – Strongylus vulgaris (also early forms in blood vessels), S. edentatus (also tissue stages), S. equinus, Triodontophorus spp. including T. brevicauda and T. serratus and Craterostomum acuticaudatum;

Small Strongyles (adults, including those resistant to some benzimidazole class compounds) – Coronocyclus spp. including C. coronatus, C. labiatus and C. labratus, Cyathostomum spp. including C. catinatum and C. pateratum, Cylicocyclus spp. including C. insigne, C. leptostomum, C. nassatus and C. brevicapsulatus, Cylicodontophorus spp., Cylicostephanus spp. including C. calicatus, C. goldi, C. longibursatus and C. minutus, and Petrovinema poculatum;

Small Strongyles – Fourth-stage larvae;

Pinworms (adults and fourth-stage larvae) – Oxyuris equi;

Ascarids (adults and third- and fourth-stage larvae) – Parascaris equorum;

Hairworms (adults) – Trichostrongylus axei;

Large-mouth Stomach Worms (adults) – Habronema muscae;

Bots (oral and gastric stages) – Gasterophilus spp. including G. intestinalis and G. nasalis;

Lungworms (adults and fourth-stage larvae) – Dictyocaulus arnfieldi;

Intestinal Threadworms (adults) – Strongyloides westeri;

Summer Sores caused by Habronema and Draschia spp. cutaneous third-stage larvae;

Dermatitis caused by neck threadworm microfilariae, Onchocerca sp.



Equimectrin Dosage and Administration


This syringe contains sufficient paste to treat one 1250 lb horse at the recommended dose rate of 91 mcg ivermectin per lb (200 mcg/kg) body weight. Each weight marking on the syringe plunger delivers enough paste to treat 250 lb body weight. (1) While holding plunger, turn the knurled ring on the plunger 1/4 turn to the left and slide it so the side nearest the barrel is at the prescribed weight marking. (2) Lock the ring in place by making a 1/4 turn to the right. (3) Make sure that the horse's mouth contains no feed. (4) Remove the cover from the tip of the syringe. (5) Insert the syringe tip into the horse's mouth at the space between the teeth. (6) Depress the plunger as far as it will go, depositing paste on the back of the tongue. (7) Immediately raise the horse's head for a few seconds after dosing.



PARASITE CONTROL PROGRAM


All horses should be included in a regular parasite control program with particular attention being paid to mares, foals and yearlings. Foals should be treated initially at 6 to 8 weeks of age, and routine treatment repeated as appropriate. Consult your veterinarian for a control program to meet your specific needs. Equimectrin (ivermectin) Paste effectively controls gastrointestinal nematodes and bots of horses. Regular treatment will reduce the chances of verminous arteritis caused by Strongylus vulgaris.



PRODUCT ADVANTAGES



Broad-spectrum Control


Equimectrin Paste kills important internal parasites, including bots and the arterial stages of S. vulgaris, with a single dose. Equimectrin Paste is a potent anti- parasitic agent that is neither a benzimidazole nor an organophosphate.



ANIMAL SAFETY


Equimectrin (ivermectin) Paste may be used in horses of all ages, including mares at any stage of pregnancy. Stallions may be treated without adversely affecting their fertility.



Warning


Do not use in horses intended for human consumption.


Not for use in humans. Keep this and all drugs out of reach of children. Refrain from smoking and eating when handling. Wash hands after use. Avoid contact with eyes. The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) contains more detailed occupational safety information. To report adverse reactions in users, to obtain more information, or to obtain a MSDS, contact Merial at 1-888-637-4251.



Precautions


Equimectrin (ivermectin) Paste has been formulated specifically for use in horses only. This product should not be used in other animal species as severe adverse reactions, including fatalities in dogs, may result.



Environmental Safety


Ivermectin and excreted ivermectin residues may adversely affect aquatic organisms. Do not contaminate ground or surface water. Dispose of the syringe in an approved landfill or by incineration.



INFORMATION FOR HORSE OWNERS


Swelling and itching reactions after treatment with Equimectrin® Paste have occurred in horses carrying heavy infections of neck threadworm (Onchocerca sp microfilariae). These reactions were most likely the result of microfilariae dying in large numbers. Symptomatic treatment may be advisable. Consult your veterinarian should any such reactions occur. Healing of summer sores involving extensive tissue changes may require other appropriate therapy in conjunction with treatment with Equimectrin Paste. Reinfection, and measures for its prevention, should also be considered. Consult your veterinarian if the condition does not improve.



Marketed by

Merial Limited, 3239 Satellite Blvd, Duluth, GA 30096-4640


Merial Limited, a company limited by shares registered in England and Wales [registered number 3332751] with a registered office at PO Box 327, Sandringham House, Sandringham Avenue, Harlow Business Park, Harlow Essex CM19 5QA, England, and domesticated in Delaware, USA as Merial LLC.


U.S. Pat. 4,199,569


Equimectrin is a registered trademark of Merial Limited.


Copyright© 2005 Merial Limited. All Rights Reserved.


Rev. 09-2005



PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 6.08 g label


Product 25876

For Oral Use in Horses Only


Equimectrin®

(ivermectin)

Paste 1.87%


Anthelmintic and Boticide


For Treatment of Large Strongyles, Small Strongyles,

Pinworms, Roundworms (Ascarids), Hairworms, Neck

Threadworms, Large-mouth Stomach Worms, Bots. See

carton or attached labeling for complete indications and

use directions. Consult your veterinarian for assistance in

the diagnosis, treatment, and control of parasitism.


NADA 134-314, Approved by the FDA


Net Wt. 0.21 oz (6.08 g)

1021-2060-00/25876










Equimectrin 
ivermectin  paste










Product Information
Product TypeOTC ANIMAL DRUGNDC Product Code (Source)50604-2587
Route of AdministrationORALDEA Schedule    








Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
ivermectin (ivermectin)ivermectin18.7 mg  in 1 g





Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient NameStrength
No Inactive Ingredients Found


















Product Characteristics
Color    Score    
ShapeSize
FlavorImprint Code
Contains      










Packaging
#NDCPackage DescriptionMultilevel Packaging
150604-2587-16.08 g In 1 SYRINGE, PLASTICNone










Marketing Information
Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
NADANADA13431406/15/1984


Labeler - Merial Limited (034393582)
Revised: 09/2009Merial Limited



Engerix B





Dosage Form: injection, suspension
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION

Indications and Usage for Engerix B


ENGERIX-B® is indicated for immunization against infection caused by all known subtypes of hepatitis B virus.



Engerix B Dosage and Administration



Preparation for Administration


Shake well before use. With thorough agitation, ENGERIX-B is a homogeneous, turbid white suspension. Do not administer if it appears otherwise. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. If either of these conditions exists, the vaccine should not be administered.


ENGERIX-B should be administered by intramuscular injection. The preferred administration site is the anterolateral aspect of the thigh for infants younger than 1 year and the deltoid muscle in older children (whose deltoid is large enough for an intramuscular injection) and adults.


ENGERIX-B may be administered subcutaneously to persons at risk of hemorrhage (e.g., hemophiliacs). However, hepatitis B vaccines administered subcutaneously are known to result in a lower antibody response. Additionally, when other aluminum-adsorbed vaccines have been administered subcutaneously, an increased incidence of local reactions including subcutaneous nodules has been observed. Therefore, subcutaneous administration should be used only in persons who are at risk of hemorrhage with intramuscular injections.


Do not inject intravenously or intradermally. ENGERIX-B should not be administered in the gluteal region; such injections may result in suboptimal response.



Recommended Dose and Schedule


Persons From Birth Through 19 Years of Age: Primary immunization for infants (born of hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg]-negative or HBsAg-positive mothers), children (birth through 10 years of age), and adolescents (11 through 19 years of age) consists of a series of three doses (0.5 mL each) given on a 0-, 1-, and 6-month schedule.


Persons 20 Years of Age and Older: Primary immunization for persons 20 years of age and older consists of a series of three doses (1 mL each) given on a 0-, 1-, and 6-month schedule.


Adults on Hemodialysis: Primary immunization consists of a series of four doses (2 mL each) given as a single 2 mL dose or two 1 mL doses on a 0-, 1-, 2-, and 6-month schedule. In hemodialysis patients, antibody response is lower than in healthy persons and protection may persist only as long as antibody levels remain above 10 mIU/mL. Therefore, the need for booster doses should be assessed by annual antibody testing. A 2 mL booster dose (as a single 2 mL dose or two 1 mL doses) should be given when antibody levels decline below 10 mIU/mL.1[See Clinical Studies (14.2).]





































Table 1. Recommended Dosage and Administration Schedules
GroupDoseaSchedules
Infants born of:
HBsAg-negative mothers0.5 mL0, 1, 6 months
HBsAg-positive mothersb0.5 mL0, 1, 6 months
Children:
Birth through 10 years of age0.5 mL0, 1, 6 months
Adolescents:
11 through 19 years of age0.5 mL0, 1, 6 months
Adults:
20 years of age and older1 mL0, 1, 6 months
Adults on hemodialysis2 mLc0, 1, 2, 6 months

Hepatitis B surface antigen = HBsAg


a 0.5 mL (10 mcg); 1 mL (20 mcg).


b Infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers should also receive hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)].


c Given as a single 2 mL dose or as two 1 mL doses.



Alternate Dosing Schedules


There are alternate dosing and administration schedules which may be used for specific populations (e.g., neonates born of hepatitis B–infected mothers, persons who have or might have been recently exposed to the virus, and travelers to high-risk areas) (Table 2). For some of these alternate schedules, an additional dose at 12 months is recommended for prolonged maintenance of protective titers.








































Table 2. Alternate Dosage and Administration Schedules
GroupDoseaSchedules
Infants born of:
HBsAg-positive mothersb0.5 mL0, 1, 2, 12 months
Children
Birth through 10 years of age0.5 mL0, 1, 2, 12 months
5 through 10 years of age0.5 mL0, 12, 24 monthsc
Adolescents:
11 through 16 years of age0.5 mL0, 12, 24 monthsc
11 through 19 years of age1 mL0, 1, 6 months
11 through 19 years of age1 mL0, 1, 2, 12 months
Adults:
20 years of age and older1 mL0, 1, 2, 12 months

Hepatitis B surface antigen = HBsAg


a 0.5 mL (10 mcg); 1 mL (20 mcg).


b Infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers should also receive hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)].


c For children and adolescents for whom an extended administration schedule is acceptable based on risk of exposure.



Booster Vaccinations


Whenever administration of a booster dose is appropriate, the dose of ENGERIX-B is 0.5 mL for children 10 years of age and younger and 1 mL for persons 11 years of age and older. Studies have demonstrated a substantial increase in antibody titers after booster vaccination with ENGERIX-B. See Section 2.2 for information on booster vaccination for adults on hemodialysis.



Known or Presumed Exposure to Hepatitis B Virus


Persons with known or presumed exposure to the hepatitis B virus (e.g., neonates born of infected mothers, persons who experienced percutaneous or permucosal exposure to the virus) should be given hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) in addition to ENGERIX-B in accordance with Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations and with the package insert for HBIG. ENGERIX-B can be given on either dosing schedule (0, 1, and 6 months or 0, 1, 2, and 12 months).



Dosage Forms and Strengths


ENGERIX-B is a sterile suspension available in the following presentations:


  • 0.5 mL (10 mcg) single-dose vials and prefilled TIP-LOK® syringes

  • 1 mL (20 mcg) single-dose vials and prefilled TIP-LOK syringes

    [See Description (11) and How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16)].




Contraindications


Severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of any hepatitis B-containing vaccine, or to any component of ENGERIX-B, including yeast, is a contraindication to administration of ENGERIX-B [see Description (11) and How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16)].



Warnings and Precautions



 5.1 Latex


 ENGERIX-B is available in vials and 2 types of prefilled syringes. One type of prefilled syringe has a tip cap which may contain natural rubber latex. The other type has a tip cap and a rubber plunger which contain dry natural latex rubber. Use of these syringes may cause allergic reactions in latex sensitive individuals. The vial stopper does not contain latex. [See How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16).]



 5.2 Infants Weighing Less Than 2,000 g


 Hepatitis B vaccine should be deferred for infants weighing <2,000 g if the mother is documented to be HBsAg negative at the time of the infant’s birth. Vaccination can commence at chronological age 1 month or hospital discharge. Infants weighing <2,000 g born to HBsAg-positive mothers or mothers of unknown HBsAg status should receive vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) within 12 hours if HBsAg status cannot be determined; the birth dose should not be counted as the first dose in the vaccine series and it should be followed with a full 3 dose standard regimen (total of 4 doses).2[See Dosage and Administration (2).]



 5.3 Apnea in Premature Infants


 Apnea following intramuscular vaccination has been observed in some infants born prematurely. Decisions about when to administer an intramuscular vaccine, including ENGERIX-B, to infants born prematurely should be based on consideration of the infant’s medical status, and the potential benefits and possible risks of vaccination. For ENGERIX-B, this assessment should include consideration of the mother’s hepatitis B antigen status and the high probability of maternal transmission of hepatitis B virus to infants born of mothers who are HBsAg positive if vaccination is delayed.



Preventing and Managing Allergic Vaccine Reactions


Prior to immunization, the healthcare provider should review the immunization history for possible vaccine sensitivity and previous vaccination-related adverse reactions to allow an assessment of benefits and risks. Epinephrine and other appropriate agents used for the control of immediate allergic reactions must be immediately available should an acute anaphylactic reaction occur. [See Contraindications (4).]



 5.5 Moderate or Severe Acute Illness


 To avoid diagnostic confusion between manifestations of an acute illness and possible vaccine adverse effects, vaccination with ENGERIX-B should be postponed in persons with moderate or severe acute illness unless they are at immediate risk of hepatitis B infection (e.g., infants born of HBsAg-positive mothers).



Altered Immunocompetence


Immunocompromised persons may have a diminished immune response to ENGERIX-B, including individuals receiving immunosuppressant therapy.



Multiple Sclerosis


Although no causal relationship has been established, rare instances of exacerbation of multiple sclerosis have been reported following administration of hepatitis B vaccines. In persons with multiple sclerosis, the benefit of immunization for prevention of hepatitis B infection must be weighed against the risk of exacerbation of the disease.



Limitations of Vaccine Effectiveness


Hepatitis B has a long incubation period. ENGERIX-B may not prevent hepatitis B infection in individuals who had an unrecognized hepatitis B infection at the time of vaccine administration. Additionally, it may not prevent infection in individuals who do not achieve protective antibody titers.



Adverse Reactions



Clinical Trials Experience


Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a vaccine cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another vaccine and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.


The most common solicited adverse events were injection site soreness (22%) and fatigue (14%).


In 36 clinical studies, a total of 13,495 doses of ENGERIX-B were administered to 5,071 healthy adults and children who were initially seronegative for hepatitis B markers, and healthy neonates. All subjects were monitored for 4 days post-administration. Frequency of adverse events tended to decrease with successive doses of ENGERIX-B.


Using a symptom checklist, the most frequently reported adverse events were injection site soreness (22%) and fatigue (14%). Other events are listed below. Parent or guardian completed forms for children and neonates. Neonatal checklist did not include headache, fatigue, or dizziness.


Incidence 1% to 10% of Injections: Nervous System Disorders: Dizziness, headache.


General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: Fever (>37.5°C), injection site erythema, injection site induration, injection site swelling.


Incidence <1% of Injections: Infections and Infestations: Upper respiratory tract illnesses.


Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: Lymphadenopathy.


Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders: Anorexia.


Psychiatric Disorders: Agitation, insomnia.


Nervous System Disorders: Somnolence, tingling.


Vascular Disorders: Flushing, hypotension.


Gastrointestinal Disorders: Abdominal pain/cramps, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting.


Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Erythema, petechiae, pruritus, rash, sweating, urticaria.


Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders: Arthralgia, back pain, myalgia, pain/stiffness in arm, shoulder, or neck.


General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: Chills, influenza-like symptoms, injection site ecchymosis, injection site pain, injection site pruritus, irritability, malaise, weakness.



Postmarketing Experience


In addition to reports in clinical trials, worldwide voluntary reports of adverse events received for ENGERIX-B since market introduction (1990) are listed below. This list includes serious adverse events or events which have a suspected causal connection to components of ENGERIX-B.


The following adverse events have been identified during postapproval use of ENGERIX-B. Because these events are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to the vaccine.


Infections and Infestations: Herpes zoster, meningitis.


Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: Thrombocytopenia.


Immune System Disorders: Allergic reaction, anaphylactoid reaction, anaphylaxis. An apparent hypersensitivity syndrome (serum sickness-like) of delayed onset has been reported days to weeks after vaccination, including: arthralgia/arthritis (usually transient), fever, and dermatologic reactions such as urticaria, erythema multiforme, ecchymoses, and erythema nodosum.


Nervous System Disorders: Encephalitis, encephalopathy, migraine, multiple sclerosis, neuritis, neuropathy including hypoesthesia, paresthesia, Guillain-BarrĂ© syndrome and Bell’s palsy, optic neuritis, paralysis, paresis, seizures, syncope, transverse myelitis.


Eye Disorders: Conjunctivitis, keratitis, visual disturbances.


Ear and Labyrinth Disorders: Earache, tinnitus, vertigo.


Cardiac Disorders: Palpitations, tachycardia.


Vascular Disorders: Vasculitis.


Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders: Apnea, bronchospasm including asthma-like symptoms.


Gastrointestinal Disorders: Dyspepsia.


Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Alopecia, angioedema, eczema, erythema multiforme including Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema nodosum, lichen planus, purpura.


Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders: Arthritis, muscular weakness.


General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: Injection site reaction.


Investigations: Abnormal liver function tests.



Drug Interactions



Concomitant Administration With Vaccines and Immune Globulin


ENGERIX-B may be administered concomitantly with immune globulin.


When concomitant administration of other vaccines or immune globulin is required, they should be given with different syringes and at different injection sites. Do not mix ENGERIX-B with any other vaccine or product in the same syringe or vial.



USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS



Pregnancy


Pregnancy Category C


Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with ENGERIX-B. It is also not known whether ENGERIX-B can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. ENGERIX-B should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.



Nursing Mothers


It is not known whether ENGERIX-B is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when ENGERIX-B is administered to a nursing woman.



Pediatric Use


Safety and effectiveness of ENGERIX-B have been established in all pediatric age groups. Maternally transferred antibodies do not interfere with the active immune response to the vaccine. [See Adverse Reactions (6) and Clinical Studies (14.1, 14.3, 14.4).]



Geriatric Use


Clinical studies of ENGERIX-B used for licensure did not include sufficient numbers of subjects 65 years of age and older to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. However, in later studies it has been shown that a diminished antibody response and seroprotective levels can be expected in persons older than 60 years of age.3



Engerix B Description


ENGERIX-B [Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant)] is a sterile suspension of noninfectious hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) for intramuscular administration. It contains purified surface antigen of the virus obtained by culturing genetically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, which carry the surface antigen gene of the hepatitis B virus. The HBsAg expressed in the cells is purified by several physicochemical steps and formulated as a suspension of the antigen adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. The procedures used to manufacture ENGERIX-B result in a product that contains no more than 5% yeast protein.


Each 0.5-mL pediatric/adolescent dose contains 10 mcg of HBsAg adsorbed on 0.25 mg aluminum as aluminum hydroxide.


Each 1-mL adult dose contains 20 mcg of HBsAg adsorbed on 0.5 mg aluminum as aluminum hydroxide.


ENGERIX-B contains the following excipients: Sodium chloride (9 mg/mL) and phosphate buffers (disodium phosphate dihydrate, 0.98 mg/mL; sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, 0.71 mg/mL).


ENGERIX-B is available in vials and 2 types of prefilled syringes. One type of prefilled syringe has a tip cap which may contain natural rubber latex. The other type has a tip cap and a rubber plunger which contain dry natural latex rubber. The vial stopper does not contain latex. [See How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16).]


ENGERIX-B is formulated without preservatives.



Engerix B - Clinical Pharmacology



Mechanism of Action


Infection with hepatitis B virus can have serious consequences including acute massive hepatic necrosis and chronic active hepatitis. Chronically infected persons are at increased risk for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.


Antibody concentrations ≥10 mIU/mL against HBsAg are recognized as conferring protection against hepatitis B virus infection.1 Seroconversion is defined as antibody titers ≥1 mIU/mL.



Nonclinical Toxicology



Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility


ENGERIX-B has not been evaluated for carcinogenic or mutagenic potential, or for impairment of fertility.



Clinical Studies



Efficacy in Neonates


Protective efficacy with ENGERIX-B has been demonstrated in a clinical trial in neonates at high risk of hepatitis B infection.4,5 Fifty-eight neonates born of mothers who were both HBsAg-positive and hepatitis B “e” antigen (HBeAg)-positive were given ENGERIX-B (10 mcg/0.5 mL) at 0, 1, and 2 months, without concomitant hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG). Two infants became chronic carriers in the 12-month follow-up period after initial inoculation. Assuming an expected carrier rate of 70%, the protective efficacy rate against the chronic carrier state during the first 12 months of life was 95%.



Efficacy and Immunogenicity in Specific Populations


Homosexual Men: ENGERIX-B (20 mcg/1 mL) given at 0, 1, and 6 months was evaluated in homosexual men 16 to 59 years of age. Four of 244 subjects became infected with hepatitis B during the period prior to completion of the 3-dose immunization schedule. No additional subjects became infected during the 18-month follow-up period after completion of the immunization course.


Adults with Chronic Hepatitis C: In a clinical trial of 67 adults 25 to 67 years of age with chronic hepatitis C, ENGERIX-B (20 mcg/1 mL) was given at 0, 1, and 6 months. Of the subjects assessed at month 7 (N = 31), 100% responded with seroprotective titers. The geometric mean antibody titer (GMT) was 1,260 mIU/mL (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 709, 2,237).


Adults on Hemodialysis: Hemodialysis patients given hepatitis B vaccines respond with lower titers, which remain at protective levels for shorter durations than in normal subjects. In a clinical trial of 56 adults who had been on hemodialysis for a mean period of 56 months, ENGERIX-B (40 mcg/2 mL given as two 1 mL doses) was given at 0, 1, 2, and 6 months. Two months after the fourth dose, 67% (29/43) of patients had seroprotective antibody levels (≥10 mIU/mL) and the GMT among seroconverters was 93 mIU/mL.



Immunogenicity in Neonates


In clinical studies, neonates were given ENGERIX-B (10 mcg/0.5 mL) at 0, 1, and 6 months or at 0, 1, and 2 months of age. The immune response to vaccination was evaluated in sera obtained one month after the third dose of ENGERIX-B.


Among infants administered ENGERIX-B at 0, 1, and 6 months, 100% of evaluable subjects (N = 52) seroconverted by month 7. The GMT was 713 mIU/mL. Of these, 97% had seroprotective levels (≥10 mIU/mL).


Among infants enrolled (N = 381) to receive ENGERIX-B at 0, 1, and 2 months of age, 96% had seroprotective levels (≥10 mIU/mL) by month 4. The GMT among seroconverters (N = 311) (antibody titer ≥1 mIU/mL) was 210 mIU/mL. A subset of these children received a fourth dose of ENGERIX-B at 12 months of age. One month following this dose, seroconverters (N = 126) had a GMT of 2,941 mIU/mL.



Immunogenicity in Children and Adults


Persons 6 Months Through 10 Years of Age: In clinical trials, children (N = 242) 6 months to 10 years of age were given ENGERIX-B (10 mcg/0.5 mL) at 0, 1, and 6 months. One to 2 months after the third dose, the seroprotection rate was 98% and the GMT of seroconverters was 4,023 mIU/mL.


Persons 5 Through 16 Years of Age: In a separate clinical trial including both children and adolescents 5 through 16 years of age, ENGERIX-B (10 mcg/0.5 mL) was administered at 0, 1, and 6 months (N = 181) or 0, 12, and 24 months (N = 161). Immediately before the third dose of vaccine, seroprotection was achieved in 92.3% of subjects vaccinated on the 0-, 1-, and 6-month schedule and 88.8% of subjects on the 0-, 12-, and 24-month schedule (GMT: 117.9 mIU/mL versus 162.1 mIU/mL, respectively, P = 0.18). One month following the third dose, seroprotection was achieved in 99.5% of children vaccinated on the 0-, 1-, and 6-month schedule compared to 98.1% of those on the 0-, 12-, and 24-month schedule. GMTs were higher (P = 0.02) for children receiving vaccine on the 0-, 1-, and 6-month schedule compared to those on the 0-, 12-, and 24-month schedule (5,687.4 mIU/mL versus 3,158.7 mIU/mL, respectively).


Persons 11 Through 19 Years of Age: In clinical trials with healthy adolescent subjects 11 through 19 years of age, ENGERIX-B (10 mcg/0.5 mL) given at 0, 1, and 6 months produced a seroprotection rate of 97% at month 8 (N = 119) with a GMT of 1,989 mIU/mL (N = 118, 95% CI: 1,318, 3,020). Immunization with ENGERIX-B (20 mcg/1 mL) at 0, 1, and 6 months produced a seroprotection rate of 99% at month 8 (N = 122) with a GMT of 7,672 mIU/mL (N = 122, 95% CI: 5,248, 10,965).


Persons 16 Through 65 Years of Age: Clinical trials in healthy adult and adolescent subjects (16 to 65 years of age) have shown that following a course of 3 doses of ENGERIX-B (20 mcg/1 mL) given at 0, 1, and 6 months, the seroprotection (antibody titers ≥10 mIU/mL) rate for all individuals was 79% at month 6 (5 months after second dose) and 96% at month 7 (1 month after third dose); the GMT for seroconverters was 2,204 mIU/mL at month 7 (N = 110).


An alternate 3-dose schedule (20 mcg/1 mL given at 0, 1, and 2 months) designed for certain populations (e.g., individuals who have or might have been recently exposed to the virus and travelers to high-risk areas) was also evaluated. At month 3 (1 month after third dose), 99% of all individuals were seroprotected and remained protected through month 12. On the alternate schedule, a fourth dose of ENGERIX-B (20 mcg/1 mL) at 12 months produced a GMT of 9,163 mIU/mL at month 13 (1 month after fourth dose) (N = 373).


Persons 40 Years of Age and Older: Among subjects 40 years of age and older given ENGERIX-B (20 mcg/1 mL) at 0, 1, and 6 months, the seroprotection rate 1 month after the third dose was 88% and the GMT for seroconverters was 610 mIU/mL (N = 50). In adults older than 40 years of age, ENGERIX-B produced anti-HBsAg antibody titers that were lower than those in younger adults.



Interchangeability With Other Hepatitis B Vaccines


A controlled study (N = 48) demonstrated that completion of a course of immunization with 1 dose of ENGERIX-B (20 mcg/1 mL) at month 6 following 2 doses of RECOMBIVAX HB® (10 mcg) at months 0 and 1 produced a similar GMT (4,077 mIU/mL) to immunization with 3 doses of RECOMBIVAX HB (10 mcg) at months 0, 1, and 6 (GMT: 2,654 mIU/mL). Thus, ENGERIX-B can be used to complete a vaccination course initiated with RECOMBIVAX HB.6



REFERENCES


  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis B. In: Atkinson W, Wolfe C, Humiston S, Nelson R, eds. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. 6th ed. Atlanta, GA: Public Health Foundation; 2000:207-229.

  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A Comprehensive Immunization Strategy to Eliminate Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Part 1: Immunization of Infants, Children, and Adolescents, MMWR 2005;54(RR-16);1-23.

  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A Comprehensive Immunization Strategy to Eliminate Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Part 2: Immunization of Adults, MMWR 2006;55(RR-16);1-25.

  4. André FE, Safary A. Clinical experience with a yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine. In: Zuckerman AJ, ed. Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. New York, NY: Alan R Liss, Inc.; 1988:1025-1030.

  5. Poovorawan Y, Sanpavat S, Pongpunlert W, et al. Protective efficacy of a recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine in neonates of HBe antigen-positive mothers. JAMA. 1989;261(22):3278-3281.

  6. Bush LM, Moonsammy GI, Boscia JA. Evaluation of initiating a hepatitis B vaccination schedule with one vaccine and completing it with another. Vaccine. 1991;9(11):807-809. 


How Supplied/Storage and Handling


ENGERIX-B is available in single-dose vials and prefilled disposable TIP-LOK syringes (packaged without needles) (Preservative Free Formulation):


10 mcg/0.5 mL Pediatric/Adolescent Dose


NDC 58160-820-01 Vial (contains no latex) in Package of 10: NDC 58160-820-11


NDC 58160-820-43 Syringe (tip cap may contain latex) in Package of 10: NDC 58160-820-52


NDC 58160-820-32 Syringe (tip cap and plunger contain latex) in Package of 5: NDC 58160-820-46


NDC 58160-820-32 Syringe (tip cap and plunger contain latex) in Package of 10: NDC 58160-820-51


20 mcg/mL Adult Dose


NDC 58160-821-01 Vial (contains no latex) in Package of 10: NDC 58160-821-11


NDC 58160-821-43 Syringe (tip cap may contain latex) in Package of 5: NDC 58160-821-48


NDC 58160-821-43 Syringe (tip cap may contain latex) in Package of 10: NDC 58160-821-52


NDC 58160-821-32 Syringe (tip cap and plunger contain latex) in Package of 1: NDC 58160-821-32


NDC 58160-821-31 Syringe (tip cap and plunger contain latex) in Package of 5: NDC 58160-821-46


Store refrigerated between 2° and 8°C (36° and 46°F). Do not freeze; discard if product has been frozen. Do not dilute to administer.



Patient Counseling Information


  • Inform vaccine recipients and parents or guardians of the potential benefits and risks of immunization with ENGERIX-B.

  • Emphasize, when educating vaccine recipients and parents or guardians regarding potential side effects, that ENGERIX-B contains non-infectious purified HBsAg and cannot cause hepatitis B infection.

  • Instruct vaccine recipients and parents or guardians to report any adverse events to their healthcare provider.

  • Give vaccine recipients and parents or guardians the Vaccine Information Statements, which are required by the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 to be given prior to immunization. These materials are available free of charge at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website (www.cdc.gov/vaccines).

ENGERIX-B and TIP-LOK are registered trademarks of GlaxoSmithKline. RECOMBIVAX HB is a registered trademark of Merck & Co.


Manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals


Rixensart, Belgium, US License No. 1617


Distributed by GlaxoSmithKline


Research Triangle Park, NC 27709


©2010, GlaxoSmithKline. All rights reserved.


December 2010


ENG:47PI



PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL


NDC 58160-821-11


Rx only


20 mcg/mL


Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant)


ENGERIX-B®


10 x 1 mL Single-Dose Vials


For Adult Use Only


GlaxoSmithKline


439110




PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL


NDC 58160-820-52


Rx only


10 mcg/0.5mL


Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant)


ENGERIX-B®


10 Disposable Prefilled Tip-Lok® Syringes


each containing one 10 mcg dose


Tip-Lok® Syringes are compatible with Luer-Lok® Needles


For Pediatric/Adolescent Use Only


NEEDLES NOT INCLUDED


GlaxoSmithKline


438939










ENGERIX-B 
hepatitis b vaccine (recombinant)  injection, suspension










Product Information
Product TypeVACCINENDC Product Code (Source)58160-820
Route of AdministrationINTRAMUSCULARDEA Schedule    








Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
HEPATITIS B VIRUS SUBTYPE ADW2 HBSAG SURFACE PROTEIN ANTIGEN (HEPATITIS B VIRUS SUBTYPE ADW2 HBSAG SURFACE PROTEIN ANTIGEN)HEPATITIS B VIRUS SUBTYPE ADW2 HBSAG SURFACE PROTEIN ANTIGEN10 ug  in 0.5 mL












Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient NameStrength
ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE 
SODIUM CHLORIDE 
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, DIHYDRATE 
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC, DIHYDRATE 


















Product Characteristics
ColorWHITEScore    
ShapeSize
FlavorImprint Code
Contains      






































Packaging
#NDCPackage DescriptionMultilevel Packaging
158160-820-465 SYRINGE In 1 CARTONcontains a SYRINGE
10.5 mL In 1 SYRINGEThis package is contained within the CARTON (58160-820-46)
258160-820-1110 VIAL In 1 CARTONcontains a VIAL (58160-820-01)
258160-820-010.5 mL In 1 VIALThis package is contained within the CARTON (58160-820-11)
358160-820-5110 SYRINGE In 1 CARTONcontains a SYRINGE (58160-820-32)
358160-820-320.5 mL In 1 SYRINGEThis package is contained within the CARTON (58160-820-51)
458160-820-5210 SYRINGE In 1 CARTONcontains a SYRINGE (58160-820-43)
458160-820-430.5 mL In 1 SYRINGEThis package is contained within the CARTON (58160-820-52)










Marketing Information
Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
BLABLA10323904/25/2007






ENGERIX-B 
hepatitis b vaccine (recombinant)  injection, suspension










Product Information
Product TypeVACCINENDC Product Code (Source)58160-821
Route of AdministrationINTRAMUSCULARDEA Schedule    








Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
HEPATITIS B VIRUS SUBTYPE ADW2 HBSAG SURFACE PROTEIN ANTIGEN (HEPATITIS B VIRUS SUBTYPE ADW2 HBSAG SURFACE PROTEIN ANTIGEN)HEPATITIS B VIRUS SUBTYPE ADW2 HBSAG SURFACE PROTEIN ANTIGEN20 ug  in 1 mL












Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient NameStrength
ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE 
SODIUM CHLORIDE 
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, DIHYDRATE 
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC, DIHYDRATE 


















Product Characteristics
ColorWHITEScore    
ShapeSize
FlavorImprint Code
Contains      













































Packaging
#NDCPackage DescriptionMultilevel Packaging
158160-821-1110 VIAL In 1 CARTONcontains a VIAL (58160-821-01)
158160-821-011 mL In 1 VIALThis package is contained within the CARTON (58160-821-11)
258160-821-465 SYRINGE In 1 CARTONcontains a SYRINGE (58160-821-31)
258160-821-311 mL In 1 SYRINGEThis package is contained within the CARTON (58160-821-46)
358160-821-321 SYRINGE In 1 CARTONcontains a SYRINGE
31 mL In 1 SYRINGEThis package is contained within the CARTON (58160-821-32)
458160-821-485 SYRINGE In 1 CARTONcontains a SYRINGE (58160-821-43)
458160-821-431 mL In 1 SYRINGEThis package is contained within the CARTON (58160-821-48)
558160-821-5210 SYRINGE In 1 CARTONcontains a SYRINGE
51 mL In 1 SYRINGE